SCIENCE04L17: Properties of Matter
OBJECTIVES ❖ Describe matter ❖ Name the three states of matter ❖ Identify the properties of matter ❖ Differentiate physical from chemical properties ❖ Classify the materials according to whether they are biodegradable or nonbiodegradable ❖ Identify the effects of decaying materials to one’s health and safety LESSON PREREQUISITE None LESSON PROPER Matter is anything that occupies space. It has mass and volume. Everything around us is made of matter, from the air we breathe to the water we drink and even our own bodies. Earth is made of matter, and so are all the stars, planets, and moons in the universe. Each kind of matter has its own set of properties that distinguishes it from other kinds of matter. These properties may either be physical or chemical. Physical Properties of Matter Physical properties are those that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter. They include the object’s state, such as solid, liquid, and gas. The physical properties of matter can be extensive or intensive. Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter on hand. Examples of these properties are mass, weight, volume, width, and height. Mass and weight are often confused. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. It is expressed in grams (g) or kilogram (kg), while weight is the amount of force acting on the object because of gravity. The mass of an object remains the same regardless of where the object is, while the weight of an object changes depending on the strength of the pull of gravity on the object. Earth has greater gravity than the moon. This is the reason why your weight on the moon is only 1/6 of your weight on Earth. Suppose you weigh 50 kilograms (kg) on Earth. Divide the figure by 6 and you get 9 kilograms, which will be your weight on the moon. When objects are made of the same material, the bigger object has the greater mass. Since the table is bigger than the chair, its mass is greater. Volume is the amount of space that matter occupies. It is expressed in cubic centimeter (cm3) for solids and (mL) for liquids. To determine the volume of a regularly shaped solid, you have to measure its length, width, and height with a ruler. Then, compute for the volume using the following formula: V = h x l x w. The length is 10cm, the width is 10cm, and the height is 10cm. Multiply the numbers as follows: 10 cm x 10cm x 10cm = 1,000 cm3 To get the volume of an irregular solid, such as marble or a piece of rock, you may use the displacement method. In this method, you will need a graduated cylinder and some water. The graduated cylinder is an instrument for measuring the volume of liquids. Suppose you place 200 milliliters (mL) of water in a cylinder. If you drop a rock into the water, the level of the water rises to 240 milliliters. To get the volume of the rock, subtract the amount of water without the rock from the one with it. 300 mL – 200 mL = 100 mL Thus, 100 mL is the volume of the rock. Intensive properties do not depend on the amount or size of matter. Color, hardness, brittleness, elasticity, malleability, ductility, porosity, solubility, and density are all intensive properties of matter. Density is the quantity of matter per unit volume. It can be obtained by dividing the mass of the material by its volume: D = m/v. For example, a cork has a mass of 10 grams and a volume of 15 milliliters. What is its density? D = M/V = 10 g/15 mL = 0.67 g/mL Therefore, the density of a cork is 0.67 g/mL. Density tells whether an object will sink or float in a certain substance. The density of water is 1 g/cm3. If the density of the object is greater than 1 g/cm3, it will sink in water. If the density is less than 1 g/cm3, it will float on water. In the given example, the cork will float on water because its density is less than 1 g/cm3. If you were to remove the rubber or plastic from around a piece of electric wire, you would find a very thin piece of wire made of copper. The piece of copper wire had been stretched thinly because copper is a ductile material. Ductility is the ability of a material to be drawn into fine or thin wires. Tungsten is another example of ductile metal.
OBJECTIVES ❖ Describe matter ❖ Name the three states of matter ❖ Identify the properties of matter ❖ Differentiate physical from chemical properties ❖ Classify the materials according to whether they are biodegradable or nonbiodegradable ❖ Identify the effects of decaying materials to one’s health and safety LESSON PREREQUISITE None LESSON PROPER Matter is anything that occupies space. It has mass and volume. Everything around us is made of matter, from the air we breathe to the water we drink and even our own bodies. Earth is made of matter, and so are all the stars, planets, and moons in the universe. Each kind of matter has its own set of properties that distinguishes it from other kinds of matter. These properties may either be physical or chemical. Physical Properties of Matter Physical properties are those that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter. They include the object’s state, such as solid, liquid, and gas. The physical properties of matter can be extensive or intensive. Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter on hand. Examples of these properties are mass, weight, volume, width, and height. Mass and weight are often confused. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. It is expressed in grams (g) or kilogram (kg), while weight is the amount of force acting on the object because of gravity. The mass of an object remains the same regardless of where the object is, while the weight of an object changes depending on the strength of the pull of gravity on the object. Earth has greater gravity than the moon. This is the reason why your weight on the moon is only 1/6 of your weight on Earth. Suppose you weigh 50 kilograms (kg) on Earth. Divide the figure by 6 and you get 9 kilograms, which will be your weight on the moon. When objects are made of the same material, the bigger object has the greater mass. Since the table is bigger than the chair, its mass is greater. Volume is the amount of space that matter occupies. It is expressed in cubic centimeter (cm3) for solids and (mL) for liquids. To determine the volume of a regularly shaped solid, you have to measure its length, width, and height with a ruler. Then, compute for the volume using the following formula: V = h x l x w. The length is 10cm, the width is 10cm, and the height is 10cm. Multiply the numbers as follows: 10 cm x 10cm x 10cm = 1,000 cm3 To get the volume of an irregular solid, such as marble or a piece of rock, you may use the displacement method. In this method, you will need a graduated cylinder and some water. The graduated cylinder is an instrument for measuring the volume of liquids. Suppose you place 200 milliliters (mL) of water in a cylinder. If you drop a rock into the water, the level of the water rises to 240 milliliters. To get the volume of the rock, subtract the amount of water without the rock from the one with it. 300 mL – 200 mL = 100 mL Thus, 100 mL is the volume of the rock. Intensive properties do not depend on the amount or size of matter. Color, hardness, brittleness, elasticity, malleability, ductility, porosity, solubility, and density are all intensive properties of matter. Density is the quantity of matter per unit volume. It can be obtained by dividing the mass of the material by its volume: D = m/v. For example, a cork has a mass of 10 grams and a volume of 15 milliliters. What is its density? D = M/V = 10 g/15 mL = 0.67 g/mL Therefore, the density of a cork is 0.67 g/mL. Density tells whether an object will sink or float in a certain substance. The density of water is 1 g/cm3. If the density of the object is greater than 1 g/cm3, it will sink in water. If the density is less than 1 g/cm3, it will float on water. In the given example, the cork will float on water because its density is less than 1 g/cm3. If you were to remove the rubber or plastic from around a piece of electric wire, you would find a very thin piece of wire made of copper. The piece of copper wire had been stretched thinly because copper is a ductile material. Ductility is the ability of a material to be drawn into fine or thin wires. Tungsten is another example of ductile metal.