Моделирование эволюции жизни

Почему какашки плохо пахнут? Что такое генная мутация? Как работает естественный отбор? Что мы передаём по наследству? Родственный отбор? Ссылки на источники: 1) Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press - https://ve42.co/SGRD 2) Nowak, M. and Schuster, P. (1989). Error thresholds of replication in finite populations mutation frequencies and the onset of muller's ratchet. Elsevier - ve42.co/MutationFreq 3) Leger, D. W., and Owings, D. H., (1978). Responses to alarm calls by California ground squirrels: Effects of call structure and maternal status. Springer Science - ve42.co/CalSquirrel 4) Zahnle, K. J., et al. (2020). Creation and Evolution of Impact-generated Reduced Atmospheres of Early Earth. American Astronomical Society - ve42.co/EarlyEarth 5) 7 wonders of poop via medicalnewstoday.com - ve42.co/PoopWonder 6) Curtis, V. et al. (2011). Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour. The Royal Society - ve42.co/DisgustBehavior 7) Ranjan, S. et al. (2021). UV Transmission in Natural Waters on Prebiotic Earth. Mary Ann Liebert Inc - ve42.co/UVTransmission 8) Luo, Y. et al. (2024). Circular at the very beginning: on the initial genomes in the RNA world. Informa UK Limited - ve42.co/InitialGenomes 9) S. T. de Farias et. al. (2024). From RNA to DNA: Emergence of reverse transcriptases from an ancestral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. BioSystems - https://ve42.co/deFarias2024 10) Leopard seal via Wikipedia - ve42.co/LeopardSeal 11) “Why are these penguins jumping from a cliff? via nationalgeographic.com - ve42.co/PenguinCliff 12)Ainley, D. G., and Ballard, G. (2011). Non-consumptive factors affecting foraging patterns in Antarctic penguins. Springer Science and Business Media LLC - ve42.co/PenguinForaging 13) Zhao, Z. et al. (2015). Structures, properties, and functions of the stings of honey bees and paper wasps: a comparative study. The Company of Biologists - ve42.co/BeeSting 14) Friedman, D. and Gordon, D. (2016). Ant Genetics: Reproductive Physiology, Worker Morphology, and Behavior. Annual Reviews - ve42.co/AntGenetics 15) Hamilton’s Rule | Definition & Examples | Britannica via britannica.com - ve42.co/HamiltonRule 16) Kin selection cite note-West Grifin Gardner 2007-1 via Wikipedia - ve42.co/KinSelection 17) California Ground Squirrel via nrm.dfg.ca.gov - ve42.co/CaliforniaGSquirrel